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股權知識 當前位置: 首頁>>股權資訊>>股權知識創始人間股權應如何分配?

創始人間股權應如何分配?

發布時間:2023-09-23 來源:http://www.gzygwz.cn/

什么是大股東?什么是控制權?
What is a major shareholder? What is control?
簡單的理解就是誰出的錢多誰就是大股東,誰就說了算也就是擁有公司的控制權。
The simple understanding is that the one who pays more is the major shareholder, and the one who has the the final say is the control of the company.
但我們很多初創企業老板都是缺錢的,要經過A輪、B輪甚至C輪融資,股權是在不斷的稀釋的,在這種情況下如何保留公司的控制權。
But many of our startup bosses are short of money and need to go through rounds A, B, and even C of financing. Equity is constantly diluting, so how to retain control of the company in this situation.
這里還有一個問題大家可以現在去思考,控制權就一定是控股嗎?
Here is another question that everyone can think about now. Does control necessarily mean controlling?
帶著這些問題我們先來看看下面這些大佬們是怎么掌握公司控制權的?
With these questions in mind, let's first take a look at how these big shots control the company?
說到阿里巴巴我們可能沒人不知道,說到他我們也自然會想到一個人那就是馬云,大家一定認為馬云是阿里巴巴的大股東,但是馬云只持有阿里巴巴不到5%的股權,他是如何做到的呢?
When it comes to Alibaba, we may not know anyone, and when it comes to him, we naturally think of a person named Jack Ma. Everyone must think Jack Ma is a major shareholder of Alibaba, but Jack Ma only holds less than 5% of Alibaba's equity. How did he do it?
通信設備制造行業老大華為公司創始人任正非持股1%,聯想教父柳傳志持股僅為0.28%,馬化騰在騰訊公司也僅持股12%。就連大名鼎鼎的比爾蓋茨持股也僅僅只有9.48%。
Ren Zhengfei, the founder of Huawei, the leader of the communication equipment manufacturing industry, holds 1% of the shares, Lenovo's godfather Liu Chuanzhi holds only 0.28%, and Ma Huateng holds only 12% of the shares in Tencent. Even the famous Bill Gates holds only 9.48% of the shares.
為什么他們那么少的股權都能掌控企業的命脈,原因就是他們都做了公司股權的頂層設計。
Why do they have so little equity to control the lifeline of the enterprise? The reason is that they have all done the top-level design of the company's equity.
他們都將公司法活學活用。
They all learn and apply company law flexibly.
公司法應該說是給了股東充分的自由意思的體現。
The company law should be said to provide shareholders with sufficient freedom of will.
而股東的自由意思是通過公司章程來體現的,我們經常把公司章程比喻成公司的憲法,就是不管是公司董事長還是總經理還是財務總監他都要聽這個憲法的,不能違背。
The freedom of shareholders is reflected through the company's articles of association. We often compare the company's articles of association to the company's constitution, which means that whether it is the chairman, general manager, or financial director of the company, they must listen to this constitution and cannot violate it.
(1)制定個性化章程
(1) Develop personalized charter
下面我們就來談談呢,創始人在發起設立公司時,如何個性化的制定公司章程:
Let's talk about how the founder personalized the company's articles of association when initiating the establishment of the company:
股東持股比例可以與出資比例不一樣
The shareholding ratio of shareholders can be different from the contribution ratio
舉個例子,一個公司注冊資金1000萬,兩個股東,你出800萬,我出200萬,正常股權比例一定是8:2,但是公司法允許這個哥倆5:5分賬,只要上面這兩人同意,這事誰也管不著。
山東頂層架構設計
For example, if a company has a registered capital of 10 million yuan and two shareholders, if you contribute 8 million yuan and I contribute 2 million yuan, the normal equity ratio must be 8:2. However, the company law allows this partner to split the account at 5:5. As long as these two shareholders agree, no one can handle this matter.
因為這種約定是當事人各方的真實意思表示,且未損害他人的利益,也沒有違法國家法律法規,因此是合法有效的。
Because this agreement represents the true intention of all parties involved and does not harm the interests of others, nor does it violate national laws and regulations, it is legal and effective.
表決權可以與出資比例不一致
Voting rights may differ from the proportion of capital contribution
《公司法》第42條規定:股東會會議由股東按照出資比例行使表決權,但是公司章程另有規定的除外。
Article 42 of the Company Law stipulates that shareholders shall exercise their voting rights at shareholders' meetings in proportion to their capital contributions, except as otherwise provided in the company's articles of association.
《公司法》第34條:股東按照實繳的出資比例分取紅利;
Article 34 of the Company Law: Shareholders shall receive dividends in proportion to their actual contributions;
公司新增資本時,股東有權優先按照實繳的出資比例認繳出資。
When the company increases its capital, shareholders have the right to subscribe to the capital contribution in proportion to their actual contributions.
但是,全體股東約定不按照出資比例分取紅利或者不按照出資比例優先認繳出資的除外。
However, unless all shareholders agree not to receive dividends in accordance with the proportion of their capital contributions or do not subscribe to their capital contributions in priority in accordance with the proportion of their capital contributions.
很多創始人在成立公司時公司章程用的都是工商局的格式文本,往往對于法律規定的但是條款都忽略了。
Many founders use the format text of the Industrial and Commercial Bureau when establishing their company's articles of association, often ignoring the legal provisions.
以上我列舉的就是一些比較常用的關于公司章程的但是條款,象其他關于股權轉讓時剩余股東的同意權、優先購買權、股東資格的繼承、股東會的召開形式、召開期限、對于董、監事、高轉讓本公司股權的限制呀這些都是可以通過公司章程來做出約定以確保公司的控制權。
The above are some commonly used clauses related to the company's articles of association, such as the consent rights of remaining shareholders during equity transfer, the right of first refusal, the inheritance of shareholder qualifications, the form and duration of shareholders' meetings, and restrictions on directors, supervisors, and high transfer of the company's equity. These can be stipulated through the company's articles of association to ensure the company's control.
(2)創始人確保控制權的方式
(2) How founders ensure control
投票權委托的模式
The mode of delegation of voting rights
投票權委托”就是公司部分股東通過協議約定,將其投票權委托給其他特定股東(如創始股東)行使。
Voting rights delegation "refers to some shareholders of a company entrusting their voting rights to other specific shareholders (such as founding shareholders) through an agreement.
根據京東的招股書,在京東發行上市前,京東有11家投資人將其投票權委托給了劉強東行使。
According to JD's prospectus, before JD went public, 11 investors entrusted their voting rights to Liu Qiangdong.
劉強東持股20%左右卻通過老虎基金、高瓴資本、今日資本以及騰訊等投資人的投票權委托掌控了京東上市前過半數的投票權。
Liu Qiangdong holds about 20% of the shares but controls more than half of the voting rights of JD before its listing through voting rights commissions from investors such as Tiger Fund, Hillhouse Capital, Today Capital, and Tencent.
一致行動人協議
Agreement on concerted action
一致行動人”即通過協議約定,某些股東就特定事項采取一致行動。
The "concerted action person" refers to the agreement that certain shareholders take concerted action on specific matters.
意見不一致時,某些股東跟隨一致行動人投票。
When there is disagreement, some shareholders follow the consensus to vote.
比如,創始股東之間、創始股東和投資人之前就可以通過簽署一致行動人協議加大創始股東的投票權權重。
For example, the voting rights of founding shareholders can be increased by signing a consensus agreement between them, as well as between them and investors.
一致行動協議內容通常體現為一致行動人同意在其作為公司股東期間,在行使提案權、表決權等股東權利時做出相同的意思表示,以其中某方意見作為一致行動的意見,以鞏固該方在公司中的控制地位。比如說打的比較熱鬧的寶萬之爭。
The content of a concerted action agreement usually reflects the agreement of the person acting in concert to make the same expression of intention when exercising shareholder rights such as proposal and voting rights during their period as a shareholder of the company, and to use the opinion of one party as the opinion of the concerted action, in order to consolidate the controlling position of that party in the company. For example, the lively Battle of Baowan.
通過有限合伙持股
Shareholding through limited partnership
有限合伙企業在是一種比較新的企業形式,有限合伙企業的合伙人分為普通合伙人(俗稱管理合伙人或GP)和有限合伙人(LP)。
Limited partnership enterprises are a relatively new form of enterprise in China, with partners divided into general partners (commonly known as management partners or GP) and limited partners (LP).
普通合伙人執行合伙事務,承擔管理職能,而有限合伙人只是作為出資方,不參與企業管理。
General partners carry out partnership affairs and assume management functions, while limited partners only serve as investors and do not participate in enterprise management.
所以,可以讓股東不直接持有公司股權,而是把股東都放在一個有限合伙里面,讓這個有限合伙持有公司股權,這樣股東就間接持有公司股權。
So, it is possible to have shareholders not directly hold company equity, but rather place them all in a limited partnership, allowing this limited partnership to hold company equity, so that shareholders indirectly hold company equity.
同時,讓創始人或其名下公司擔任GP,控制整個有限合伙,然后通過這個有限合伙持有和控制公司的部分股權。
At the same time, let the founder or his company serve as the GP, controlling the entire limited partnership, and then holding and controlling a portion of the company's equity through this limited partnership.
除創始人之外的其他股東,只能是有限合伙的LP,只享有經濟收益而不參與有限合伙日常管理決策,也就不能通過有限合伙控制公司。
Except for the founder, other shareholders can only be LPs of limited partnerships, who only enjoy economic benefits and do not participate in daily management decisions of limited partnerships, and therefore cannot control the company through limited partnerships.
有人專門研究發現,綠地集團采用層疊的有限合伙安排,以一個注冊資本為10萬元的公司控制約190億元資產的綠地集團。
Someone has specifically studied and found that Greenland Group adopts a layered limited partnership arrangement, with a registered capital of 100000 yuan controlling approximately 19 billion yuan in assets of Greenland Group.
境外架構的AB股計劃
Overseas structured AB share plan
以上這些都可以保證創始人的公司控制權。
All of these can guarantee the founder's control over the company.

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